The Port Chicago Disaster - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 1990 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/09/12 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? The Port Chicago Disaster On the 24 of July 1944, a memorandum was written from Captain W. S. Parsons, USN to Rear Admiral W. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Port Chicago Disaster" essay for you Create order R. Purnell, USN. It was a report on the most destructive explosion on United States soil at that time. It was known as the Port Chicago Explosion. Captain Parsons worked in the Bureau of Ordnance as their Liaison Officer. So he was a prime candidate for the job. Rear Admiral Purnell was the head of the Military Policy Committee. This memorandum was not intended to incarcerate people, determine its cause, nor report defects in the design of munitions depots. Its sole purpose was to collect data from the damage done and to find the exact time when the explosion happened. Captain Parsons determined the exact time based on seismic activity. He determined the time of detonation occurred at approximately between 2218-2244 on the 17 of July, 1944. It was found that approximately 2000 tons of high explosion were present on the dock at the time of the explosion. He also determined that light damage extended approximately 1500 yards from the explosion. This was minor damage but significant none the less. From ground zero and out to approximately 1000 feet it was determined that there was total destruction. However, at 1000 feet there were 3 civilians that remained alive; these were the closest survivors to the blast. This horrible disaster could have been prevented, only if certain factors were addressed accordingly. Within the confines of the munitions depot at port Chicago, there was racism. Akers states: The general classification test employed at this time placed the black ratings at Port Chicago ‘in the lowest twelfth of the Navy’. According to their superiors, these men were unreliable, emotional, lacked capacity to understand or remember orders or instructions, were particularly susceptible to mass psychology and moods, lacked mechanical aptitude, were suspicious of strange officers, disliked receiving orders of any kind, particularly from white officers or petty officers, and were inclined to look for and make an issue of discrimination. For the most part, they were quite young and of limited education. 1 Black men, no matter what they scored on their classification test were put into these laborious work parties. If they scored high enough and there were empty billets, they would be transferred to another duty station. Therefore, there was a lack of good leaders to be had. This is a prime example of discrimination. Another example of racism at this munitions depot is that: Negroes in the Navy don’t mind loading ammunition. They just want to know why they are the only ones doing the loading! They want to know why they are segregated; why they don’t get promoted. 2 This stated that the racism was severe and the moral of the black sailors was very low. When morale was low, they started to ask question and the quality of work that was produced was poor. This caused the black sailors to be careless in their work and more prone to accidents. In addition, white officers were put in charge of these loading parties and the black sailors did not like them. On top of that, the commanding officer, Captain Kinne, demanded a quota of ten tons per hatch per hour. These white officers deemed this goal, of the commanding officer, too high. But they had to fulfill it nonetheless or else their jobs were on the line. Allen stated, â€Å"†¦officers sometimes raced working divisions against each other to speed up loading. 3 This caused workers to work at an unsafe speed and often times a shell would drop to the deck. Allen also stated: As Carr [the wench maintenance personnel] looked on, one man lost his grip on a shell; it dropped two feet and hit the deck with a thud. 4 This showed that the rate at which they loaded ammunition onto the ships was unsafe. It made the possibility for a disaster very high. Still the Captain Kinne, the white offic ers had quotas to fill so they ignored these ominous signs and kept on pushing. Only if they could have slowed down the load rate, this disaster could have potentially been avoided. Another factor that could have prevented this disaster would be training. According to Julius J. Allen in his court martial trial he stated, â€Å"There was no training in ammunition handling. †5 These black junior sailors were not trained to handle high explosives, at the same time, the white officers were inadequately trained to supervise the loading process of high explosives. According to Freddie Meeks: When those bombs, slathered in grease, bounced down the plank, they’d bang into other bombs and everyone would pray to Almighty God. They made terrible sound. Sometimes, you thought they would explode. You’d almost have a heart attack to hear those bombs hitting together†¦ I’d ask the lieutenant about it and he’d say don’t worry. 6 The black sailors were weary of working with these explosives but were told by officers that the larger munitions were not active and could not explode and that they would be armed with their fuses upon arrival at the combat theater. Because of the inadequate training of the white officers, they disillusioned the black sailors. The black sailors would believe them because of their lack of training with explosives as well. Therefore, this made for carelessness in the handling of the high explosives because all personnel apart of the loading parties did not know that the shells had the potential to explode because the training was negligent. Another aspect is the equipment used for handling of the high explosives. Handling of these larger explosives such as bombs and shells involved breaking individual munitions out with levers and crowbars from boxcars. The shells were packed in tightly with packing material, and they were heavy cylindrical shapes. The black sailors would roll them along the wooden pier, packing them into nets, lifting them with a winch and boom, lowering the bundle into the hold, and then dropping the individual explosives a short distance by hand into place. This series of actions was rough enough that naval shells were sometimes damaged and began leaking identification dye from their ballistic caps. This should have been a major warning that an explosion was imminent. These black sailors were given crude equipment for the handling of high explosives. Therefore, the explosives were more prone to damage because of the kind of crude equipment they were using. In addition, the powered winches used on cargo ships were used to speed up the handling of heavy loads. One winch was operated at each of the ships five cargo holds. During loading operations, the winches were worked hard, requiring steady maintenance in order to remain operable. Winch brakes, a safety feature provided for stopping the load from falling if the winchs main power was lost, were not often used by a skilled winch operator as the load could be more quickly maneuvered using various power settings than by application of the brakes. Disused brakes sometimes seized up and stopped working. Additionally, the winches on the SS E. A. Bryan were steam-powered and showed signs of wear, even though the ship was only five months old. Equipment could have been a factor, but also the lack personal protective equipment was another factor. In many cases there was no personal protective equipment provided by the munitions depot. In an interview with Carl Tuggle, he stated that: If you wanted to wear gloves, you purchased them. That was the only way you had gloves to wear and to use while you were working. At night we were provided clothing to keep us from the elements on the dock at night because it was cold, but otherwise we supplied everything else ourselves. 7 Since the black sailors often were not promoted they remained stagnant with the position of junior sailor. Therefore, they would not make a lot of money and not have money to buy proper personal protective equipment. This made the work parties more prone to accidents. It was so dangerous that even Commander Paul B. Cronk, head of a Coast Guard explosives-loading detail tasked with supervision of the working dock, warned the Navy that conditions were unsafe and ripe for disaster. The Navy refused to change its procedures and Cronk withdrew the detail. The Navy still put a blind eye to the munitions depot at Port Chicago therefore the disaster was waiting to happen. This may have been the most destructive explosion, but it was almost expected as Captain Parsons reported, â€Å"†¦Port Chicago was designed for large explosions. †8 He stated that the munitions depot designed at Port Chicago was designed for large explosions and because of the design; there was a very minimal loss of life outside of the munitions depot. Nonetheless, it was eventually determined that 320 of the men on duty at the pier died instantly, and 390 civilians and military personnel were injured, many seriously. Surprisingly, this was a major loss for the black sailor community in which, â€Å"†¦roughly 15 percent of all the black casualties in the US Navy during the entire war. †9 Shortly after the disaster, Port Chicago assigned white sailors to work alongside black sailors loading ammunition. This was the first step towards desegregation. To fix the lack of training, the Navy instituted new training and safety procedures for the handling of high explosives. If and only if the Navy listened to the Coast Guard Explosives-Loading detail supervising the loading of the explosives, the Port Chicago explosion would have never happened and this memorandum would have never been written. Notes 1. Regina T. Akers, â€Å"The Port Chicago Mutiny, 1944,† in Naval Mutinies of the Twentieth Century: An International Perspective, ed. Christopher M. Bell and Bruce A. Elleman (London: Frank Cass, 2003), 200. 2. Robert L. Allen, â€Å"Final Outcome? Fifty Years after the Port Chicago Mutiny,† American Visions 9 (1994). https://search. ebscohost. com. , 17 (30 November 2009). 3. Robert L. Allen, â€Å"Black Scholar Research Leads to Navy Review: Injustice upheld in Port Chicago Mutiny Trial,† Black Scholar 24 (1994). https://search. ebscohost. com. , 56 (30 November 2009). 4. Robert L. Allen, The Port Chicago Mutiny (New York: Amistad, 1993), 27. 5. Case of: Julius J. Allen, Seaman second class, U. S. Naval Reserve, Vol. 1 Courts Martial Records Relating to the Port Chicago Mutiny 120 (General Court Martial September 16, 1944). 6. John Boudreau, â€Å"Blown Away, Fifty Years Ago Today, Segregation in the Military Ended With a Bang and a Whimper,† Washington Post (Washington D. C. ) 17 July 1994, sec. F4. 7. Carl Tuggle, QA with Carl Tuggle, one of the sailors serving at Port Chicago in 1944, interview, The Port Chicago Mutiny, under Did you wear gloves , https://portchicagomutiny. com/personnel/tuggle. html (accessed November 30, 2009). 8. William S. Parsons, â€Å"Memorandum on Port Chicago Disaster, Preliminary Data,† 24 July 1944, Box 671, World War II Command File, Operational Archives Branch, Naval Historical Center, Washington, DC. 9. Bell and Elleman, 202. Bibliography Akers, Regina T. â€Å"The Port Chicago Mutiny, 1944. † In Naval Mutinies of the Twentieth Century: An International Perspective, edited by Christopher M. Bell and Bruce A. Elleman, 193-211. London: Frank Cass, 2003. Allen, Robert L. â€Å"Black Scholar Research Leads to Navy Review: Injustice upheld in Port Chicago Mutiny Trial. † Black Scholar 24 (1994). https://search. ebscohost. com. , 56-59. (30 November 2009). Allen, Robert L. â€Å"Final Outcome? Fifty Years after the Port Chicago Mutiny. † American Visions 9 (1994). https://search. ebscohost. com. , 14-17. (30 November 2009). Allen, Robert L. The Port Chicago Mutiny. New York: Amistad, 1993. Boudreau, John â€Å"Blown Away, Fifty Years Ago Today, Segregation in the Military Ended With a Bang and a Whimper,† Washington Post (Washington D. C. ), 17 July 1994, sec. F4. Case of: Julius J. Allen, Seaman second class, U. S. Naval Reserve. Vol. 1 Courts Martial Records Relating to the Port Chicago Mutiny (General Court Martial September 16, 1944). Parsons, William S. â€Å"Memorandum on Port Chicago Disaster, Preliminary Data,† 24 July 1944, Box 671, World War II Command File, Operational Archives Branch, Naval Historical Center, Washington, DC. Tuggle, Carl. QA with Carl Tuggle, one of the sailors serving at Port Chicago in 1944. Interview. The Port Chicago Mutiny. https://portchicagomutiny. com/personnel/tuggle. html (accessed November 30, 2009).

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The essay to be assessed in this paper discusses the relationship between the human population growth to environmental problems. The essay argues that human population growth leads to the increase of environmental problems due to the human population’s inability to recognize the importance of the environment. It argues that ‘individual behavior’ is the ‘main cause’ of environmental problems. We will write a custom essay sample on Human Population Growth as an Environmental Problem or any similar topic only for you Order Now In order to prove the claim that human population growth and the continuous practice of actions that lead to environmental problems is the main cause of environmental problems; the author of the essay provides examples in which environmental problems are enabled by human actions. For instance, the author points out that human population growth leads to the increased use of air polluting chemicals that further lead to the increase in air pollution. Another instance specified by the author is how environmental degradation [in the form of the degradation of grasslands] is a result of human beings’ desire for profit. The author ends his paper by claiming that in order for environmental problems to be solved, it is necessary that human beings become more aware of how their actions affect the environment. Given the main argument as well as the main points presented in the said essay, it is important to note that although the author is correct in arguing that there is a relationship between human practices as well as human population growth to the environmental problems; the author was unable to specify how population growth affects environmental problems. In order to solve this, the author may have argued that increase in human population leads to the increase in the demand for food, space, water, energy, and other resources (Diamond 494). Such an increase will lead to environmental problems given the scarcity of the current food, space, water, energy etc. resources combined with the current wasteful practices of human beings. Work Cited Diamond, Jared. Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed. New York: Penguin, 2006. How to cite Human Population Growth as an Environmental Problem, Papers

Surveillance Cameras Panopticism free essay sample

This ingredient is a sense of power. Powers position in society is always established as a permanent authority to ensure the positive behavior of the people. Pantomimic, the idea of rules and routines, whether selflessness or enforced by a higher authority, may begin to drive our life and remove the very identity from us or weave other powerful influence in us. While shopping, a glance over the clothing racks to the ceiling will display a camera. While in school, behave to the principals policies because he will certainly see.While being nearly any place in public, be aware that there is a watchful gaze upon each person. This is not merely done for fun as a silly pay game. Every camera is installed to observe the actions of the people. Such a structure is set up nearly everywhere. In fact, around 30 million surveillance cameras are now established in the United States alone. We will write a custom essay sample on Surveillance Cameras Panopticism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Why? This observance encourages everybody to act appropriately to the set rules. Nobody will steal, cheat, or dare be caught smoking in the hallways while skipping class.It sends a signal of power, of a higher position, that will see and punish all negative conduct. This a prominent example of the power that power has; as people notice they are being watched, all of the actions that they eight be doing will cease. It is through such a structure that one may note a Pontiac strategy. Back from its earliest Greek roots, Pontiac entails that of being able to see and view all elements. These surveillance cameras consider all elements and see each part of the area.Michel Facultys work Pantomimic states that The major effect To induce in the inmate a state of conscious and permanent visibility that assures the automatic functioning of power (Faculty, 185). By knowing that such a Pontiac application is in place, society transforms into a group of labeling citizens. It is not necessarily in the free will of the citizens to form such a society, but rather the application of power. Facultys Pantomimic went on further to describe Bantams 18th century prison structure as a primary example. In this structure, every prisoner could be seen, but the prisoners did not know if they were being watched (Faculty 183). As the prison can be compared as an early model of what is now the surveillance camera, one can see that even then Beneath knew that power should be Missiles yet unverifiable (Faculty 193). The camera should be seen y society, but the idea of whether there is a watchful eye upon them is what should remain unknown. It is in this way that society will always act in an appropriate manner to agree with the laws.Otherwise, if one knows when one is not being watched, rules may be broken because nobody is there to witness. Also, Faculty expanded upon Bantams idea of the prison structure by applying it to everyday circumstances: shut up in each cell.. . A madman, a patient, a condemned man, a worker or a schoolboy (Faculty, 196). No matter the location, there seems to always be a powerful eye that is watching. Examine a school, for example. There are hall monitors, walking the corridors to see that each student is following their orderly instructions.At a hospital, there are nurses to see each patient is pleasantly peaceful; even the visiting hours of family and friends are monitored under time. On the Job, the boss keen eye keeps the people busy, proficient, and helpful. Then there is the government, with possibly the greatest Pontiac enforcement of all. Consider the Patriot Act of 2001, which allowed law enforcement agencies even more accessibility to search telephone ND email communications, medical and financial records, library history, and even records from casinos, pharmacies, hotels, lawyers, etc. Room any individual. It was created after the September 11th attacks for the safety of the people against further terrorism. The power this act held over the people was to protect; this power was to eliminate any further actions, and this power was to daunt those who could possibly harm the nation again. Some felt that this was too much power exerted upon them due to the possibility that some unseen power was getting too far into the privacies of the people. Some began to feel their Fourth Amendment right being taken away. Had the Pontiac power gone too far in this case? Certainly not. It is with this power that the law enforcement agencies promised security amongst the nation. The knowledge that one can be watching helped to prevent many terrorists. A stronger watchful eye is nothing to be uncomfortable about. As the saying goes: Rather be safe than sorry. It is in each moment where some sort of Pontiac power is exerted. It is in each moment that a person somewhere is being watched. In these moments are when people choose to make correct choices due to that presence of Pontiac rower.